Powering Cities in the Global South: How Energy Access for All Benefits the Economy and the Environment
Kumar is the sole provider for his family. He runs an ironing service in Bengaluru that brings in between $6 and $7.50 a day, enough to barely get by. When the power cuts out two to three times a day in the summer for as long as four hours, Kumar has to stop working, leaving the irons dormant as temperatures soar, and he brings home much less.
By 2050 it is projected that two-thirds of the world's population will live in urban areas, with a net urban population increase of 2.4 billion people from 2015, mostly in Africa and Asia. Cities that are already struggling to provide clean, affordable and reliable energy to residents like Kumar are finding it challenging to keep up with the pace and scale of growth.
In 2012, only 58 percent of the urban population had access to electricity in low-income countries. Nearly 500 million urban residents worldwide used dirty cooking fuels like charcoal and wood, which contribute to hundreds of thousands of premature deaths each year.
What's more, the old fossil fuel-intensive model of development undertaken in the global north is no longer tenable, given a greater concern for the need to slow and then reverse the global growth in carbon emissions.
The latest working paper of WRI's flagship World Resources Report, "Towards a More Equal City," takes a unique approach to this challenge by showing that enhancing energy services for the under-served can improve the overall economy and environment.
We highlight three solutions for cities in the global south:
1. Accelerate the Shift to Cleaner Cooking
A kitchen in Indonesia. Flickr/Caka-caka
Switching to modern cooking fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, would lead to the most dramatic reductions in indoor air pollution and health improvements of any urban energy solution, as well as time and costs savings in many cases. Cleaner cooking fuels benefit the whole city, as household heating and cooking are also significant sources of outdoor air pollution.
There are several examples of countries showing strong leadership in the transition to clean cooking. In the 1960s, less than 20 percent of Brazilian households had access to LPG or natural gas. The government created national infrastructure for LPG production and distribution, developed a retail market for LPG distribution, and subsidized fuel for poor families. Now, 100 percent of urban households have access to LPG.
2. Scale Up Distributed Renewable Energy
The 19th century approach to electrification that relies primarily on expanding the grid cannot bridge the energy access gap in the global south alone. Distributed systems like solar panels offer affordability, reliability and productivity benefits to the under-served.
The average cost of electricity from residential rooftop solar in India and China is already within the same range as natural gas-fired electricity and continues to decline. In sub-Saharan Africa too, solar is taking off. In 2015, the number of households using pay-as-you-go solar systems—where companies rent equipment to consumers for a small fee, often paid via mobile phone—doubled to between 450,000 and 500,000.
At scale, rooftop solar systems can offer savings due to the avoided costs of new transmission infrastructure, contribute to climate change mitigation, and create job opportunities.
3. Increase Energy Efficiency of Buildings and Appliances
Mexico has instituted leading building efficiency codes. Flickr/TVZ Design
Residential and commercial buildings are the largest consumers of energy in urban areas. Relatively small changes to building codes and regulations can reduce energy use by up to 50 to 90 percent in new buildings and 50 to 75 percent in existing buildings. Using the best available individual household appliances and equipment can further reduce energy costs by 40 to 50 percent.
Better, cooler buildings also make cities more livable and resilient during heatwaves and bring health benefits. Every kilowatt hour saved in cities that depend on power stations using dirty fuels means reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Countries in in the global south have already demonstrated the benefits of energy efficiency measures. Ghana enacted the first air conditioner appliance standards in sub-Saharan Africa in 2000 and is projected to save $775 million by 2020. In Mexico, national energy efficiency standards and labeling programs resulted in $3 billion savings to consumers from 2002 to 2014.
Realizing Cities' Full Potential
These solutions require action by many urban stakeholders, including national, state, and local governments, the development community, and civil society. Many cities in the global south are already acting, including hundreds that have signed on to the Compact of Mayors, a pledge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas. Cape Town and Bengaluru have started net metering programs. Delhi has developed a roof rental model for solar systems. Tianjin has developed its own ambitious energy efficiency building code, above and beyond China's national code. These efforts should be applauded, encouraged and replicated.
Without improving energy services for people like Kumar, many cities will fall short of their potential to drive economic growth, enhance the environment and create spaces where everyone can live, work and thrive. As Amartya Sen said, "Poverty is not just lack a lack of money; it is not having the capability to realize one's full potential as a human being."